S16 Special Session on Indonesian Archaeology
19June 2019, Galleria 2, 0830-1700 hours
Rusyanti
Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional
Ministry of Education and Culture Republik of Indonesia
rusyanti08@gmail.com
Ananta Puwoarminta
anan012@lipi.go.id
Agel Vidian Krama
agel.vidiankrama@gt.itera.ac.id
Since the discovery and readings of the oldest two inscriptions in West Lampung in 1912 and 1954, Liwa plains begin archaeologically explored again in the last two decades. Recent research found 12 ancient settlements lied in the river bank of Way Rubok. The location of the site is on the active geological fault cracks from the Gulf of Semangka in the South to the Aceh’s valley in the North. This fault line left morphologically forms of steep valleys, sag pond, and beheaded stream which are clearly visible on the grounds of Liwa and archaeological sites in this region. Archaeological remains dominantly lefts potteries and ceramics fragments, as well as another companion such as stone base (umpak batu), scratches stone (batu bergores), and figurines (figurine). Current dating recently got from a relative chronology of inscriptions and ceramics ranged from 10 — 20 century. The lost and migrate of ancient settlements are thought to tectonic controls over this Sumatera fault that caused the earthquake and its side effects such as floods, landslide, and eruptions like once struck in 1933 caused several village movements. The conditions of the sites at this time are intensively cultivated as agricultural lands. Special treatment and strategies of preservation beneficial archaeologically, economically, and environmentally are seriously challenged.
Keywords: Ancient settlement, Archaeology, Sumatera Fault, Way Rubok
Sejak penemuan dan pembacaan dua prasasti tertua di Lampung Barat pada tahun 1912 dan 1954, dataran Liwa mulai dieksplorasi kembali secara arkeologis dalam dua dasawarsa terakhir. Survei geoarkeologi menemukan 12 pemukiman kuno di tepi Sungai Way Rubok. Lokasi situs ini berada pada jalur sesar aktif Sumatera yang membelah dari Selatan Teluk Semangka hingga cekungan Aceh di Utara Garis patahan ini meninggalkan morfologi berupa lembah curam, kolam, dan sunagi terputus yang jelas terlihat di cekungan Liwa dan situs arkeologi di wilayah ini. Tinggalan arkeologis yang ditemukan dominan berupa fragmen keramik dan tembikar, serta temuan penyerta lainnya seperti umpak batu, batu bergores, dan arca sederhana dari batuan tufa. Kronologi relatif yang didapat hingga saat ini berasal dari prasasti (10 M) dan keramik berkisar dari 10-20M. Hilang dan berpindahnya pemukiman kuno diduga karena faktor kontrol tektonik sesar Sumatera yang menyebabkan gempa dan efek samping lainnya seperti banjir, tanah longsor, dan letusan gunung api seperti yang pernah melanda pada tahun 1933 yang menyebabkan perpindahan desa. Kondisi situs saat ini berupa lahan pertanian yang diolah secara intensif dan ekstensif. Strategi pelestarian yang menguntungkan baik secara arkeologis, ekonomis, dan ramah lingkungan merupakan suatu tantangan ke depan yang harus dilakukan.
Kata kunci: Permukiman kuno, arkeologi, Sesar Sumatera, Way Rubok
Haruhiro Fujita
Niigata University of International and Information Studies
fujita@nuis.ac.jp
Kazutaka Kawano
Tokyo National Museum
kawano4191kka489@gmail.com
Tri Wurjani
National Archaeological Research Center, Indonesia
demplon1@yahoo.com
Shinatria Adhityatama
National Archaeological Research Center, Indonesia
shinatriaadhityatama@gmail.com
Marlon Risimasse
National Archaeological Research Center, Indonesia
marlon.ririmasse@kemdikbud.go.id
A previous study on MR reconstruction of museum artefacts by a series of public experiments using the Microsoft HoloLens demonstrated the potential advantages to provide detail holographic experience in the real spaces, indicating the possibilities in digital museology.
Since Van der Hoop’s first expedition in 1931, approximately 30 decorative tumuli were recorded in Pasemah Highlands, South Sumatra. The burial chambers were built underground, and there are remains of many geometrical patterns and figures with colorful pigment. Among them, the Lembak 7 tumulus, located in the vicinity of Pagar Alam is well preserved and it has the most vivid mural decorations.
A preliminary digital archive survey on the Lembak 7, was conducted and the 3D reconstruction of the burial chamber was carried out. It is noted that the digitally restored colors and patterns of those mural decorations in MR which enables to enhance the ethno-historical studies. It is also notable that observers can walk through the holographic object of the stone chamber by the MR holography, as they stay in the chamber, which may obtain much public attention on the prehistorical heritages for preservations.
Hery Priswanto
Magister Archaeology of Cultural Science Faculty of Gadjah Mada University
don.matthews@anu.edu.au
Anna Pineda
University of the Philippines
priswanto.balaryk@gmail.com
Bawean Island is one of the islands in the Java Sea which is located in northwest of Madura Island with an area of 199 square kilometers surrounded by coral reefs. Bawean Island is administratively located in Gresik Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. The location of Bawean Island is between Kalimantan Island on the north side and Java Island on the south side. The existence of Bawean Island is as a transit point for ships in the archipelago shipping lane to increase supplies of clean water, food, and provide a rest period for crew members. As a transit port, Bawean which is supported by a strategic geographical location right in the middle of the trade traffic lane, its development is rapid. Especially since the increasing role of the big port during the reign of the kings of Majapahit and continued during the period of Islamic influence. Although the development is not like the ports in Java which are large and quite crowded, Bawean is quite in control of the trade routes leading to Java from the large islands in the north and vice versa. Contact of culture, religion, and trade with the local community of Bawean Island is difficult to avoid due to the reciprocal need between traders whose ships transit on Bawean Island. Various kinds of maritime- patterned archaeological legacy data are found on Bawean Island in both land and water areas. The latest archaeological data found in the form of stone axes and bronze statues found in Sidogedongbatu village indicate that the location had an important role in the past, before the present port of Sangkapura. This is supported by a safe location for anchoring (transit) and environmental carrying capacity in the form of clean water and food sources (supplies). The existence of the manufacture of traditional bawean boats, namely Jukung and kelotok, which are still found today, indicates that the Bawean people cannot forget their maritime souls, even their famous souls in Southeast Asia.
Keywords: Bawean, maritime archeology, archipelago, shipping, traditional boat, transit port
Pulau Bawean ini adalah salah pulau di Laut Jawa yang terletak di barat laut Pulau Madura dengan luas 199 km persegi yang dikelilingi terumbu karang. Pulau Bawean secara administratif berada di Kabupaten Gresik Propinsi Jawa Timur Indonesia. Letak Pulau Bawean berada di antara Pulau Kalimantan di sisi utara dan Pulau Jawa di sisi selatannyaKeberadaan Pulau Bawean sebagai tempat transit kapal dalam jalur pelayaran nusantara untuk menambah perbekalan air bersih, makanan, dan memberikan masa istirahat bagi awak kapal. Sebagai pelabuhan transit, Bawean yang didukung letak geografis yang strategis tepat ditengah-tengah jalur lalu lintas perdagangan maka perkembanganya pesat. Terutama sejak meningkatnya peran pelabuhan besar pada masa pemerintahan raja-raja majapahit dan berlanjut pada masa pengaruh Islam. Meskipun perkembangnya tidak seperti di pelabuhan di Pulau Jawa yang besar dan cukup ramai, namun Bawean cukup memegang kendali dalam jalur perdagangan yang menuju Jawa dari pulau-pulau besar di utara dan sebaliknya. Kontak budaya, religi, dan perdagangan dengan masyarakat lokal Pulau Bawean sulit untuk dihindarkan akibat adanya kebutuhan timbal balik diantara pedagang yang kapalnya transit di Pulau Bawean. Berbagai ragam data tinggalan arkeologi bercorak maritim di jumpai di Pulau Bawean di wilayah daratan maupun perairan. Data arkeologi terbaru yang ditemukan berupa kapak-kapak batu dan Arca Buddha berbahan perunggu yang ditemukan di Desa Sidogedongbatu mengindikasikan bahwa lokasi tersebut mempunyai peran penting pada masa lalu, sebelum pelabuhan sangkapura sekarang. Hal ini didukung dengan lokasi yang aman untuk berlabuh (transit) dan daya dukung lingkungan berupa air bersih dan sumber makanan (perbekalan ulang). Keberadaan pembuatan perahu tradisional bawean yaitu Jukung dan kelotok yang masih dijumpai hingga sekarang mengindikasikan bahwa masyarakat bawean tidak bisa melupakan jiwa baharinya, bahkan terkenal jiwa kebahariaanya di Asia Tenggara.
Kata kunci: Bawean, arkeologi maritim, Nusantara, pelayaran, perahu, pelabuhan transit
Tri Subekso
Universitas Indonesia
trisubekso@gmail.com
In the past, the relationship between humans and mountains had a special position as a spiritual centre. Almost all civilizations in Southeast Asia, including in ancient Indonesia, developed the concept of respect for the mountains. This respect has the meaning of worship because this mountain is respected as the residence of the gods. This form of worship is expressed through sacred buildings, myths, rituals, and pilgrimages. On Java, some mountains are associated with the sacred mountain conception of Mahameru, where the gods live in the realm of myth. In the Bujangga Manik script written in the 15th century, Mount Ungaran in Central Java is referred to as a relic of the gods. This description can be fully proved by the spread of cultural heritage through understanding landscapes. Along the Ungaran slopes, various archaeological remains are scattered in the Hindu-Buddhist period, both in the form of temples, ancient baths, and other archaeological evidence. The existence of this archaeological site is related to the holding of a religious pilgrimage in the mountain area. This archaeological study was carried out to reconstruct the relationship between the local Javanese community and the ancient pilgrimage to Mount Ungaran from the 8th until the 15th century AD.
Keywords: landscapes, pilgrimage, mountain, Hindu-Buddhist, archaeology
Edith A. Dunn, PhD
edithdunn@msn.com
The Kala head is a consistent feature on most Javanese temples from the Early through the Post Classic period. Numerous researchers have discussed a two-part typology organized geographically into a Central and East Javanese model. According to this typology, Central Javanese Kala heads have no jaw and smaller teeth, while Eastern Javanese models have a jaw with tusk-like fangs. The earliest researchers, however, noted exceptions to this model. Further inspection reveals numerous inconsistencies when attempting to utilize the dual geographical typology.
A survey of the Kala heads was conducted from 2017 to 2019. The results indicate that small differences that can be used as indicators to separate Early from Late Classic examples of the Kala head. The Javanese Kala heads are, however, complex works of art. Many features preferred in later Kala models were already being utilized in the Early Classic period, but their frequency and location within the temple complex changed.
It is clear that the current typology requires re-evaluation. These artifacts should therefore be identified by a combination of features, and not simply by determining the presence or absence of a jaw. A more flexible typological framework should be constructed in order to account for the large number of artistic variations found in the motif. The goal of this paper is to outline the problems with the current Javanese Kala typology and to suggest a new research model.
The Ancient Settlement In Sumatra Faults Of Liwa West Lampung Indonesia
Rusyanti
Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional
Ministry of Education and Culture Republik of Indonesia
rusyanti08@gmail.com
Ananta Puwoarminta
anan012@lipi.go.id
Agel Vidian Krama
agel.vidiankrama@gt.itera.ac.id
Since the discovery and readings of the oldest two inscriptions in West Lampung in 1912 and 1954, Liwa plains begin archaeologically explored again in the last two decades. Recent research found 12 ancient settlements lied in the river bank of Way Rubok. The location of the site is on the active geological fault cracks from the Gulf of Semangka in the South to the Aceh’s valley in the North. This fault line left morphologically forms of steep valleys, sag pond, and beheaded stream which are clearly visible on the grounds of Liwa and archaeological sites in this region. Archaeological remains dominantly lefts potteries and ceramics fragments, as well as another companion such as stone base (umpak batu), scratches stone (batu bergores), and figurines (figurine). Current dating recently got from a relative chronology of inscriptions and ceramics ranged from 10 — 20 century. The lost and migrate of ancient settlements are thought to tectonic controls over this Sumatera fault that caused the earthquake and its side effects such as floods, landslide, and eruptions like once struck in 1933 caused several village movements. The conditions of the sites at this time are intensively cultivated as agricultural lands. Special treatment and strategies of preservation beneficial archaeologically, economically, and environmentally are seriously challenged.
Keywords: Ancient settlement, Archaeology, Sumatera Fault, Way Rubok
Sejak penemuan dan pembacaan dua prasasti tertua di Lampung Barat pada tahun 1912 dan 1954, dataran Liwa mulai dieksplorasi kembali secara arkeologis dalam dua dasawarsa terakhir. Survei geoarkeologi menemukan 12 pemukiman kuno di tepi Sungai Way Rubok. Lokasi situs ini berada pada jalur sesar aktif Sumatera yang membelah dari Selatan Teluk Semangka hingga cekungan Aceh di Utara Garis patahan ini meninggalkan morfologi berupa lembah curam, kolam, dan sunagi terputus yang jelas terlihat di cekungan Liwa dan situs arkeologi di wilayah ini. Tinggalan arkeologis yang ditemukan dominan berupa fragmen keramik dan tembikar, serta temuan penyerta lainnya seperti umpak batu, batu bergores, dan arca sederhana dari batuan tufa. Kronologi relatif yang didapat hingga saat ini berasal dari prasasti (10 M) dan keramik berkisar dari 10-20M. Hilang dan berpindahnya pemukiman kuno diduga karena faktor kontrol tektonik sesar Sumatera yang menyebabkan gempa dan efek samping lainnya seperti banjir, tanah longsor, dan letusan gunung api seperti yang pernah melanda pada tahun 1933 yang menyebabkan perpindahan desa. Kondisi situs saat ini berupa lahan pertanian yang diolah secara intensif dan ekstensif. Strategi pelestarian yang menguntungkan baik secara arkeologis, ekonomis, dan ramah lingkungan merupakan suatu tantangan ke depan yang harus dilakukan.
Kata kunci: Permukiman kuno, arkeologi, Sesar Sumatera, Way Rubok
A preliminary digital archive and a holographic MR reconstruction of a decorated tumulus in Pasemah highlands, South Sumatra, for archaeological studies and digital museology
Haruhiro Fujita
Niigata University of International and Information Studies
fujita@nuis.ac.jp
Kazutaka Kawano
Tokyo National Museum
kawano4191kka489@gmail.com
Tri Wurjani
National Archaeological Research Center, Indonesia
demplon1@yahoo.com
Shinatria Adhityatama
National Archaeological Research Center, Indonesia
shinatriaadhityatama@gmail.com
Marlon Risimasse
National Archaeological Research Center, Indonesia
marlon.ririmasse@kemdikbud.go.id
A previous study on MR reconstruction of museum artefacts by a series of public experiments using the Microsoft HoloLens demonstrated the potential advantages to provide detail holographic experience in the real spaces, indicating the possibilities in digital museology.
Since Van der Hoop’s first expedition in 1931, approximately 30 decorative tumuli were recorded in Pasemah Highlands, South Sumatra. The burial chambers were built underground, and there are remains of many geometrical patterns and figures with colorful pigment. Among them, the Lembak 7 tumulus, located in the vicinity of Pagar Alam is well preserved and it has the most vivid mural decorations.
A preliminary digital archive survey on the Lembak 7, was conducted and the 3D reconstruction of the burial chamber was carried out. It is noted that the digitally restored colors and patterns of those mural decorations in MR which enables to enhance the ethno-historical studies. It is also notable that observers can walk through the holographic object of the stone chamber by the MR holography, as they stay in the chamber, which may obtain much public attention on the prehistorical heritages for preservations.
The Role of Bawean Island in the Nusantara Maritime Axis | Peran Pulau Bawean Pada Poros Maritim Nusantara
Hery Priswanto
Magister Archaeology of Cultural Science Faculty of Gadjah Mada University
don.matthews@anu.edu.au
Anna Pineda
University of the Philippines
priswanto.balaryk@gmail.com
Bawean Island is one of the islands in the Java Sea which is located in northwest of Madura Island with an area of 199 square kilometers surrounded by coral reefs. Bawean Island is administratively located in Gresik Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. The location of Bawean Island is between Kalimantan Island on the north side and Java Island on the south side. The existence of Bawean Island is as a transit point for ships in the archipelago shipping lane to increase supplies of clean water, food, and provide a rest period for crew members. As a transit port, Bawean which is supported by a strategic geographical location right in the middle of the trade traffic lane, its development is rapid. Especially since the increasing role of the big port during the reign of the kings of Majapahit and continued during the period of Islamic influence. Although the development is not like the ports in Java which are large and quite crowded, Bawean is quite in control of the trade routes leading to Java from the large islands in the north and vice versa. Contact of culture, religion, and trade with the local community of Bawean Island is difficult to avoid due to the reciprocal need between traders whose ships transit on Bawean Island. Various kinds of maritime- patterned archaeological legacy data are found on Bawean Island in both land and water areas. The latest archaeological data found in the form of stone axes and bronze statues found in Sidogedongbatu village indicate that the location had an important role in the past, before the present port of Sangkapura. This is supported by a safe location for anchoring (transit) and environmental carrying capacity in the form of clean water and food sources (supplies). The existence of the manufacture of traditional bawean boats, namely Jukung and kelotok, which are still found today, indicates that the Bawean people cannot forget their maritime souls, even their famous souls in Southeast Asia.
Keywords: Bawean, maritime archeology, archipelago, shipping, traditional boat, transit port
Pulau Bawean ini adalah salah pulau di Laut Jawa yang terletak di barat laut Pulau Madura dengan luas 199 km persegi yang dikelilingi terumbu karang. Pulau Bawean secara administratif berada di Kabupaten Gresik Propinsi Jawa Timur Indonesia. Letak Pulau Bawean berada di antara Pulau Kalimantan di sisi utara dan Pulau Jawa di sisi selatannyaKeberadaan Pulau Bawean sebagai tempat transit kapal dalam jalur pelayaran nusantara untuk menambah perbekalan air bersih, makanan, dan memberikan masa istirahat bagi awak kapal. Sebagai pelabuhan transit, Bawean yang didukung letak geografis yang strategis tepat ditengah-tengah jalur lalu lintas perdagangan maka perkembanganya pesat. Terutama sejak meningkatnya peran pelabuhan besar pada masa pemerintahan raja-raja majapahit dan berlanjut pada masa pengaruh Islam. Meskipun perkembangnya tidak seperti di pelabuhan di Pulau Jawa yang besar dan cukup ramai, namun Bawean cukup memegang kendali dalam jalur perdagangan yang menuju Jawa dari pulau-pulau besar di utara dan sebaliknya. Kontak budaya, religi, dan perdagangan dengan masyarakat lokal Pulau Bawean sulit untuk dihindarkan akibat adanya kebutuhan timbal balik diantara pedagang yang kapalnya transit di Pulau Bawean. Berbagai ragam data tinggalan arkeologi bercorak maritim di jumpai di Pulau Bawean di wilayah daratan maupun perairan. Data arkeologi terbaru yang ditemukan berupa kapak-kapak batu dan Arca Buddha berbahan perunggu yang ditemukan di Desa Sidogedongbatu mengindikasikan bahwa lokasi tersebut mempunyai peran penting pada masa lalu, sebelum pelabuhan sangkapura sekarang. Hal ini didukung dengan lokasi yang aman untuk berlabuh (transit) dan daya dukung lingkungan berupa air bersih dan sumber makanan (perbekalan ulang). Keberadaan pembuatan perahu tradisional bawean yaitu Jukung dan kelotok yang masih dijumpai hingga sekarang mengindikasikan bahwa masyarakat bawean tidak bisa melupakan jiwa baharinya, bahkan terkenal jiwa kebahariaanya di Asia Tenggara.
Kata kunci: Bawean, arkeologi maritim, Nusantara, pelayaran, perahu, pelabuhan transit
Landscapes of Pilgrimage in Mount Ungaran (8th–15th Century AD)
Tri Subekso
Universitas Indonesia
trisubekso@gmail.com
In the past, the relationship between humans and mountains had a special position as a spiritual centre. Almost all civilizations in Southeast Asia, including in ancient Indonesia, developed the concept of respect for the mountains. This respect has the meaning of worship because this mountain is respected as the residence of the gods. This form of worship is expressed through sacred buildings, myths, rituals, and pilgrimages. On Java, some mountains are associated with the sacred mountain conception of Mahameru, where the gods live in the realm of myth. In the Bujangga Manik script written in the 15th century, Mount Ungaran in Central Java is referred to as a relic of the gods. This description can be fully proved by the spread of cultural heritage through understanding landscapes. Along the Ungaran slopes, various archaeological remains are scattered in the Hindu-Buddhist period, both in the form of temples, ancient baths, and other archaeological evidence. The existence of this archaeological site is related to the holding of a religious pilgrimage in the mountain area. This archaeological study was carried out to reconstruct the relationship between the local Javanese community and the ancient pilgrimage to Mount Ungaran from the 8th until the 15th century AD.
Keywords: landscapes, pilgrimage, mountain, Hindu-Buddhist, archaeology
Re-evaluating the Javanese Kala Head
Edith A. Dunn, PhD
edithdunn@msn.com
The Kala head is a consistent feature on most Javanese temples from the Early through the Post Classic period. Numerous researchers have discussed a two-part typology organized geographically into a Central and East Javanese model. According to this typology, Central Javanese Kala heads have no jaw and smaller teeth, while Eastern Javanese models have a jaw with tusk-like fangs. The earliest researchers, however, noted exceptions to this model. Further inspection reveals numerous inconsistencies when attempting to utilize the dual geographical typology.
A survey of the Kala heads was conducted from 2017 to 2019. The results indicate that small differences that can be used as indicators to separate Early from Late Classic examples of the Kala head. The Javanese Kala heads are, however, complex works of art. Many features preferred in later Kala models were already being utilized in the Early Classic period, but their frequency and location within the temple complex changed.
It is clear that the current typology requires re-evaluation. These artifacts should therefore be identified by a combination of features, and not simply by determining the presence or absence of a jaw. A more flexible typological framework should be constructed in order to account for the large number of artistic variations found in the motif. The goal of this paper is to outline the problems with the current Javanese Kala typology and to suggest a new research model.
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