S18 GO WITH THE FLOW! HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN WATERS
19 June 2019, Galleria 2, 0830-1700 hours
Convener:Veronica Walker Vadillo (veronica.walker@helsinki.fi), Agni Mochtar (mochtar.agni@gmail.com) and Ligaya Lacsina (gaylacsina@gmail.com)
Seas and rivers have been key factors in the development of Southeast Asian societies from prehistoric times to nowadays, particularly due to their role as vectors for cultural interactions, material exchange, and transmission of knowledge. Since the so-called Austronesian dispersal more than 4,000 years ago, Southeast Asian waters have played a significant role in inter-regional maritime trade networks, such as the silk and spice routes, and continued to attract various merchants to come or pass over during the trade between China and the western world. Despite this, the region's nautical and maritime traditions are often overlooked. The subject is a challenging one, as many activities that happen in or around water spaces seldom leave substantial archaeological traces behind due to the nature of the activities (for example, actions take place on board vessels), or the inaccessibility of the archaeological remains (for example, submerged or silted spaces). In many cases, an interdisciplinary perspective with a focus on human-environment interactions is necessary, as this kind of approach can help set forth more nuanced theories on the relation between social systems and their environment with the use of data from other disciplines such as iconography, ethnography, history, environmental sciences, and so on. Placing the focus on Southeast Asian waters, this session hopes to present a comprehensive view of the ways in which the people from Southeast Asia colonized their watery spaces, from port and harbour infrastructures to nautical technology, as well as religious and/or socio-political activities that took place in or around aquatic spaces. This session invites papers that discuss aspects of nautical technology and seafaring in Southeast Asia and neighbouring regions throughout time, as well as papers focused on socio-political and cultural activities related to watery environments.
Block 1: 0830-1000 hrs
Alifah
Balai Arkeologi D.I. Yogyakarta (Center of Archaeological Research, Yogyakarta Office)
alifah.ali@gmail.com
Small islands with limited accessibility of land transportation to other places have demanded adaptation patterns for their residents. The existence of the sea surrounding it makes this region isolated from both animal and vegetable resources. As shown by research in small island in Wallacea, human in prehistoric times heavily relied on marine resources due to the limited number of land animal. Fish bones, shell and fish hooks are among the evidence of human exploration to the sea. Furthermore, boats and marine faunas were depicted on the rock arts as an expression of religious and artistic practice, indicating that maritime culture played a significant role at the time. This paper presents the preliminary research aimed to study if the similar adaptation was practised in the small islands outside of Wallacea. This research is conducted in Arca Cave in Kangean Island, north of Java and includes the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the remains of marine resources, such as shell and crab hard-shell, to measure the intensity of the consumption. A comparison to the consumption level of land food resources is also undertaken to gather a more comprehensive information of the adaptation strategy practised in prehistoric Kangean.
Shinatria Adhityatama
National Center of Archaeological Research of Indonesia
shinatriaadhityatama@gmail.com
R.r. Tri Wurjani
Dida Yurnaldi
Suryatman
Muslim Dimas K
Priyatno Hadi Sulistyarto
Lake Matano is a tectonic ancient lake located in Malili region, South Sulawesi Province. Lake Matano has a depth of 590 m or the bottom of the lake is located 203 m below sea level. Lake Matano is known as the 8th deepest lake in the world. Water from Lake Matano flows into Lake Mahalona then to Lake Towuti and then flows into the river Larona. Geologically, the nearby Matano Fault Zone is still active with tectonic movement of approximate 2 cm per year. Lake Matano is considered to be 1–4 million years old (i.e., formed in the late Pliocene). The recent archaeological research in Matano Lake was carried out by National Research Center of Archaeology Indonesia (Puslit Arkenas) in 2016 and 2018. The result from the exploration and research is we found 2 submerged landscape material culture in the lake bed of Matano. The name of the site is Pulau Ampat (Four Island) and Pontada site. In these 2 sites, we found archaeological data such as a lot of pottery spreading in the lake bed, flakes artefact, animal remains, charcoal, pool house, and iron artefact. both of these sites sank allegedly due to earthquake activity in the past because these two sites are adjacent to the main tectonic faults. The cultural chronology of Lake Matano is expected to develop at the beginning of the Paleomelatlic period, this right is known through dating analysis on sites in the terrestrial environment, although until now we are still waiting for the results of the dating of these two sites. Indonesian civilization experienced a high surge after local people knew the iron equipment. Indonesian people began to build monumental buildings such as the Borobudur temple and Prambanan temple, but until now a very little evidence of the origin of the iron equipment originated. This is important because it is possible that Matano was a source of metal (iron) in the past.
Putri Novita Taniardi
Balai Arkeologi D.I. Yogyakarta (Archaeology Research Office In Yogyakarta)
putri.taniardi@gmail.com
This paper discusses the Ngen tradition in Ata Krowe. Ngen is a term used by Ata Krowe to mention the term migrating. Ata Krowe is a term for the Krowe people, namely the indigenous community living in the Sikka region, East Nusa Tenggara. Ata Krowe believes that their ancestors came from far away by boat. This belief is supported by the presence of miniature boats in the Dobo region. The miniature of the boat is believed to be a boat that was used by their ancestors and has been reduced due to spiritual events. Ngen's tradition was then continued with the movement between villages to form clans that inhabited the village. The existence of this Ngen tradition can be known by the existence of Wu'a Mahe as the material culture of Ata Krowe to show the origin of their ancestors. This paper attempts to describe the relationship between the Ngen tradition and the formation of old villages in the Ata Krowe area, Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara.
Key words: Ngen tradition, migrating, Ata Krowe, Sikka
Dani Sunjana
Independent Archaeologist
Alumni of Archaeology Department Udayana University
danisunjana@gmail.com
The practice of asceticism is a Hindu and Buddhist religious practice that is commonly practiced in the past and can be traced by archaeological evidences. Archeological research on ascetic practices during the time of Hindu Buddhism in Indonesia was very little done and still focused on cases of Ancient Javanese asceticism, especially during the Majapahit period. This paper will discuss ancient asceticism in Bali that used river landscapes as a place of choice for meditation and the reasons behind it, as well as archaeological characters on these sites. The discovery of asceticism sites from the Ancient Bali period in several watersheds such as Pakerisan, Wos, and Petanu became special when compared to the Javanese case which placed the mountain as the location of the main ascetic practices and became a cultural marker regarding the vital function of the river in the Ancient Bali period.
Martin Roderick Stead
Independent Researcher
roderickstead@aol.com
In reviewing the indigenous craft of the Philippines, the use of rafts for offshore exploitation of marine resources seems surprisingly limited, particularly in view of the wide distribution of bamboo, an ideal material for raft construction. However in the Ilocos region of northern Luzon there is a type of bamboo raft still used for fishing offshore. It is not clear if this represents a wider tradition in the Philippines which has not been recorded in the written sources. The style is reminiscent of the rafts reported in use in China, and could represent an imported design from the Chinese coast. This paper will explore the early reports of the use of rafts in the Philippines from the sixteenth century onwards and how these recent ethnographic reports might fit into that tradition.
Block 2: 1030-1200 hrs
Sira Ploymukda
Underwater Archaeology Division, Fine Arts Department, Thailand
sira.archaeo52@gmail.com
In 2016, the 15th regional office of fine arts conducted field surveys on the intertidal site called Pah Khlong Kluay shipwreck. The 1st survey revealed that the large ship planks had been tighten together by using the mortise and tenon joint technique. The ship was made from the South East Asian wood and can be dated back to around the 1st century CE (AMS dating 2,150 BP). Moreover, the wreck’s location settled in the area around 1,000 kilometres from the early port sites of the Andaman coast called Phu Khao Thong archaeological site dated around 1st century BCE. In 2019, the underwater archaeology division, Fine arts department realised that the condition of the wreck is extremely damaged by tidal movement during the monsoon season. The ship recovery project implemented from January to February 2019 aim to gather more information from the wreck and recover all wooden materials in order to bring them back to the UAD venue for the systematic conservation. The 2019 excavation indicated that not only mortise and tenon techniques were discovered in the site but also a number of wood containing the Lashed – Lugged technique. The combination of two techniques illustrated the model of the maritime interaction through the shipbuilding technology in the south-east Asian water and the international water during around 2,000 years ago.
Agni Mochtar
Balai Arkeologi D.I. Yogyakarta (Center of Archaeological Research, Yogyakarta Office)
mochtar.agni@gmail.com
Ligaya Lacsina
National Museum of the Philippines
gaylacsina@gmail.com
The lashed-lug tradition is known as one of the traditional construction techniques of plank-built watercraft in Southeast Asia, so-called because of carved protrusions, or lugs, in the planks were used to lash frames and other vessel components with ligatures. Evidence of lashed-lug construction dates to as early as the third century and extends into to the late twentieth century. Early archaeological studies on these vessels revealed common characteristics across a number of sites found in Southeast Asia and even neighbouring regions to confirm the presence and survival of the lashed-lug tradition. It may have been inevitable that particularities within the tradition went unnoticed in most of these previous studies. It is, however, becoming more apparent that the construction technique used in this tradition is not limited to merely lashing the protruding lugs with vegetal fibre. Recent close examinations of boats from this tradition reveal many previously overlooked details in the construction technique used in different parts of the region. This paper discusses elements of the lashed-lug watercraft construction technique, which highlight the non-commonalities within the tradition. By doing so, this paper aims to further the discussion of Southeast Asian maritime history by advancing the knowledge about the development of traditional ship- and boatbuilding in the region.
Paul Clark
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory
paul.clark@magnt.net.au
This paper examines two Solomon Island plank-built war canoes that are in the collection of the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory. Together with a comparative study of plank-built canoes in other museums, a question oriented research approach for their examination and study is proposed.
Acquired from the Solomon Islands in 1988 and 1990, the two canoes represent contemporary built examples of a much older construction technology known in the literature as the ‘lash-lugged’ boat building method. There are several canoes of this type in other museums, including Sydney’s Australian Museum, the Museum of Victoria in Melbourne, the British Museum in London and the Vatican Museum in Rome. These four canoes, built either at the end of the nineteenth, or at the beginning of the twentieth century, are several decades older that the Darwin examples. However, when examined collectively as a group, they provide a comparative construction technology that spans more than 100 years in human practice.
One question open for discussion in this paper, is how can comparative studies of contemporary built canoes (i.e., those built in the last 50 -100 years), be used to inform canoe design and building practice of vessels that were built in the more distant past?
A second question, will be how a comparative case study of museum canoe collections, when compared with the Southeast Asian archaeological record of lash-lugged boat finds, support a hypothesis that ‘plank-built, lash-lugged canoe technologies, evolved in South-east Asia and moved east into the Pacific’?
Ian McCann
University of New England
imccann@myune.edu.au
Jun Kimura
junkimura@tsc.u-tokai.ac.jp
Central Vietnam grew to become part of a complex system of ancient maritime trading routes between the West and East and had ports that served the long-distance sailing ships that voyaged across the Indian Ocean and Asian waters around the 8-9th centuries. In 2014, local fishermen recovered two composite anchors from the waters off Quang Ngai province in Central Vietnam. Having been stored in a local compound, these anchors are rapidly deteriorating. Due to their distinctive design and similar to the Indian Ocean type anchor, the anchors have significant potential to answer questions regarding the form, function and evolution of anchor technology around this time period. This paper will outline the ongoing study on the anchors of utilising experimental archaeology, archaeometallurgical analysis, and isotopic investigations.
Veronica Walker Vadillo
University of Helsinki
veronica.walker@helsinki.fi
Since the discovery of the Angkor civilization on the shorelines of the Tonle Sap Lake, it has been assumed that rivers played an important role in the establishment of this polity. It was through the river network that the people of Angkor moved around the region and foreign merchants and diplomats arrived from overseas. Nevertheless, rivers have largely been ignored in previous academic research, which has seen stronger focus on land remains. This has resulted in a biased interpretation of the data, favoring approaches that recognize Angkor as an agrarian state even though depictions on the walls of Angkorian temples suggest that the nautical world played an important part in the Khmer world.
The extensive corpus of nautical iconography shows boats used in a wide variety of settings that indicate political and cosmological responses to human-environment-driven interactions. For example, from the 11th c. onward royal boats were lavishly decorated with high prows that increased their visibility, which suggests a desire to waste resources and engage in what behavioral ecology defines as costly signalling, a display of power to exhibit a group’s prowess and ability to defend their territory. These boats were used in a variety of settings: from pilgrimages to sacred places, to warfare, festivals, and elaborated rituals performed on water (both in man-made and natural spaces). The choice of boat decoration depicted in the nautical iconography shows a preference for the use of Indian iconography, a trend already present in land remains around the lower Mekong basin. This suggests that whilst the region probably had a pre-Indian stratum of beliefs surrounding the use of aquatic spaces, the constant interactions they had with Indian traders from the beginning of the 1st millennia CE eventually provided the basis for the construction of an elaborate hybrid cosmology surrounding these aquatic spaces. Preliminary research suggests that this cosmology served as the religious framework upon which the kings of Angkor exerted control over the river network and the people living in and around it. This paper will explore the development of Angkor’s nautical technology and design in the context of boat usage, looking particularly at the way in which Indian culture was incorporated into Angkorian narratives of power.
Visiting Professor Maritime Archaeology
Centre for Maritime History and Culture Research, Dalian Maritime University
大连海事大学海洋历史与文化研究中心海事考古学访问教授
sarahward@dlmu.edu.cn
Han Qing
Professor Maritime History, Centre for Maritime History and Culture Research
Dalian Maritime University, Dalian Maritime University
韩庆，大连海事大学航海历史与文化研究中心
Zhao Zhilei
Lecturer Navigation
Navigation College and Centre for Maritime History and Culture Research
Dalian Maritime University
赵志垒，大连海事大学航海学院航海学院航海历史与文化研究中心
China, the largest country in the East Asia maritime realm, has a long history of seafaring stretching back millennia. The earliest known archaeological evidence for which dates to the mid Warring States Period (481/403 BCE - 221 BC). This long history brings with it a steep tradition of Sino-Foreign maritime exchange; one which during the height of China’s maritime power in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD), was dramatically altered by the expansionist foreign policy of Emperor Yong Le. Like every Chinese ruler for more than 1,000 years, Yong Le aspired to incorporate Southeast Asian polities into a system of hierarchical and tributary relationships which centred on the Ming Court. This was simultaneously an exceptional yet traditional extension of Chinese military power, an unorthodox use of maritime resources within a very old structure, and one which had a significant impact on Southeast Asian shipbuilding. This paper will explore the impact of Sino-Foreign maritime exchanges on Southeast Asian shipbuilding traditions in the Ming Dynasty and examine the interplay of local and interregional traditions with the technological innovation, hybridization and transfer resulting from, the ‘Southeast Asian Effect’ on outsourced ship construction. This paper will further demonstrate that this created a complex developmental path dependence present in the maritime archaeological record, as evidenced by the Bukit Jakas, Phu Quoc and other shipwreck assemblages.
作为东亚地区沿海领域最大的国家，中国的航海历史源远流长。现行针对中国航海历史最古老的考古证据 ，可以追溯至战国中期（公元前481/403 - 公元前221年）。漫长的航海历史，促生了深厚的中外海上 文明交流的传统。明朝(公元1368-1644年)是中国海上实力的鼎盛时期，永乐皇帝秉持的“扩张主义”外 交政策使当时的中国海事，发生了巨大的变化。永乐皇帝和之前1000多年来的封建中国统治者一样，同 样渴望着将东南亚的政治体制，纳入到以明朝为中心的等级和朝贡体系中。明朝时期的扩张，同时也是中 国军事力量的特殊而传统的延伸，这相当于在一个非常古老的框架下非常规地使用海洋资源。明朝时期的 政策与行动，对东南亚造船行业也产生了重大影响。本文将探讨中外海事交流，对在明朝时期的东南亚造 船传统的影响。同时，作者从技术创新、杂交和转移三个方面，研究区域内和区域间传承的相互影响，这 也被视为“东南亚效应”的古代中国对外船舶建筑行业。论文还将进一步论证：正如Bukit Jakas, Phu Quoc和其他沉船遗迹所展现的那样，存在于海事考古记录中的明朝模式，形成了一个复杂的发展路径依赖。
Block 3: 1330-1500 hrs
Catherine May King
Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division, National Museum of the Philippines
catherine.may.king@gmail.com
Bobby C. Orillaneda
Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division, National Museum of the Philippines
This paper proposes to reassess the current understanding of Sino-Southeast Asian trade relations during the pre-colonial period. This paper specifically studies three underwater sites from the Philippines namely Breaker Reef and Investigator Shoal both found in Southern Palawan, Philippines and the San Antonio shipwreck from Zambales broadly dated to the Song dynasty from 11th to 13th century. The dates of the sites were determined through the stylistic analysis of the ceramics dominantly found in the sites, presence of non-ceramic cargo such as coins, and comparison with other wrecks carrying similar ceramics. The location of the sites, the amount and diversity of the cargo found within the wrecks, suggest that merchants of these ships had good commercial contacts with other parts of Southeast Asia in addition to China. This paper relates the wrecks, their cargos and their political and cultural relations with other contemporaneous wreck within the South China Sea network and Southeast Asian waters.
Widya Nayati
Archaeology Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
widyanayati@ugm.ac.id
Ida Bagus Putu Prajna Yogi
Balai Arkeologi Banjarmasin, Indonesia
bagoesbalar@gmail.com
Traders played a significant role in inter-regional maritime trade networks. They needed commodities—which can be sold for big/maximal profits. They used silk and spice routes for reaching many harbors. Some of the them stayed in the harbors but it seems some traders tried collecting local commodities from main sources. Based on archaeological research along Pawan River in West Kalimantan (Indonesia), it can be traced some steps of the traders in the upstream river.
Pawan River is a dendritic river type which runs from Ketapang city on the south coast of Kalimantan through the Schwaner mountain range in the center of Kalimantan. It runs around 250 kms from downstream to upstream river. This river has not all survey archaeologically yet as this river is very rough especially in after intersection between Biya stream and Kerio stream in the Randau Jungkal village. Only less than 10 local people have been gone to the upstream of Pawan river because of wide of river is smaller, there are many river rapids (riam) and too many big stones which makes local boats difficult to passed through. However, from the archaeological survey, it has found many ceramics dated circa 14-18 centuries in the upstream river. Ethnographic data found that local Dayak people are still using old tempayan for ceremony. however there are many fragmens found in the bank of the streams. These archaeological finding is key factors of the steps of traders in upstream Pawan River. This paper will prove the presence of traders in upstream Pawan River using ceramics’ found.
Keywords: exchange, traders, Upstream Pawan River, West Kalimantan (Indonesia)
YANG KI HONG
National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage in Korea, Research Curator
kihong23@korea.kr
The waters off the coast of Mado Island located in Taean County, Chungcheongnam-do Province of the Republic of Korea, have long been known as the “waterway difficult to pass” owing to a strong offshore current and dense sea fog. National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage has excavated three Goryeo shipwrecks and one Joseon shipwreck off the coast of Mado Island in Taean from 2009 to 2014. The institute excavation in the waters of Mado has taken place from May to October of 2018. The excavation has yielded 113 total artifacts upon conclusion. Not only Goryeo celadon, but also Chinese ceramics from China’s Song and Yuan Dynasties were recovered from the waters off Mado Island.
A particularly noteworthy recovery through these excavation activities, carried out in the waters off Mado Island, was a blue and white porcelain dish which was recovered at 70cm depth of the 18-D zone. On the inside of the dish there is evidence a geometric pattern drawn by a brush and traces of baked pottery piled up in the middle of the ring.
This style of traces of baked pottery piled up in the middle of the ring is mainly used in the southern Chinese kiln. It is presumed to be a blue and white porcelain from the late 17th century due to the color and glaze. In Vietnam, adjacent to China, there are Chu Dau, Hung Thang kilns from the Nam sach area and Lao , Cay , Hop le kilns in the Binh Giang area which continued to produce blue and white porcelain in the 17-18th century. Therefore, although not yet clear from any local pottery patterns or colors, it is estimated that blue and white porcelain had a relationship with Vietnam.
Aryandini Novita
South Sumatra Archaeology Research Center
novitaaryandini@gmail.com
This paper discusses the role of community at southern Belitung in the past maritime trade, based on the results of research by the South Sumatra Archaeologi’s research. The study used WEsterdahl's Maritime Cultural Landscape approach which a focus on archaeological resources at sea and land, topography, local knowledge and toponymy. The results of the study show that interactions with the environment are carried out differently, namely sea and land. In general, archeological resources in southern Belitung are of the same type as archaeological resources found in the western and northern parts of the island. These resources can be used as indicators that in the southern Belitung there are activities related to past maritime trade. Geographically, the study area does not have large rivers that can be sailed on. Natural resources in the study area have only been used for subsistence and the over supply is sold to buying goods that are not produced by the community. Artifacts that are imported goods also show where the trade has taken place in this area. In this paper we want to discuss the ways in which the local community of southern Belitung has contributed historically to the regional maritime trade system by using the aforementioned Maritime Cultural Landscape perspective.
Block 4: 1530-1700 hrs
Sultan Kurnia A.B
Taoyaka Program Hiroshima University
sultan.kurnia@mail.ugm.ac.id
This research was carried out in the Sangihe Islands (2017), a border region between the northern part of the Republic of Indonesia with the southern part of the Republic of the Philippines. This research was based on a hypothesis that the Sangihe Islands is one of the gateways to the archipelago in the north, especially in the early colonial period (16th CE) until World War II. One of the findings of this research was a shipwreck, allegedly belongs to the Japanese army during World War II. The 40 meters-long ship sank at a depth of 18-25 meters below sea level. It is located in Teluk Tahuna (Tahuna Bay), which is the capital of the regional government. In addition, two old anchors were found to be thought to date from the 18th CE with a length of about 3 meters each. Another information is that the 16th century Ferdinand Magellan-Elcano Expedition was also recorded to pass through this area.
Based on the literature study we conducted, underwater archaeological research in the territory of Indonesia and The Philippines border region has never been carried out, even though some sources referred this area as one of the shipping routes. So, the research we conducted with the big theme of UGM Maritime Culture Expedition is one of the first steps to uncover the potential of underwater archaeology on the border region of Indonesia and The Philippines.
Young-Hwa, Jung
National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage
Republic of Korea
pkm228@korea.kr
Introduces policies to protect Underwater Cultural Heritage(UCH) in Republic of Korea. And, Would like to discuss cooperation projects between Korea and Southeast Asia. The investigation and protection of the UCH of Korea is managed by the national government. The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage(NRIMCH) is dedicated to the investigation and protection of UCH. Also, NRIMCH enact a wide variety of activities, from Conservation and Analysis of UCH, Restoration and Research regarding traditional Korean wooden ships, Research and Study on Maritime Cultural Heritage(MCH), MCH Exhibition, Activation of tailor-made Public Participation Education, and Promotion related to maritime historical relics.
NRIMCH has been interacting and cooperating with various Asian countries such as Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Australia, and China in various fields. This is to understand the laws, systems and policies of other countries and to try to take the lead in protecting the UCH by applying mutually effective policies.
Forward, NRIMCH intends to strengthen cooperation with various Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia. Want to develop various cooperation projects such as underwater excavation, education and equipment support. For example, promoting the construction project of an Underwater Cultural Heritage Education & Training Center(2020-2022).
Pongsatorn Sukhum
THAIWRECKS
curator@thaiwrecks.org
In September 2016 I came across the Mannok Shipwreck Site Excavation Report (2008) by the Underwater Archaeology Division (UAD). The information contained in this report bore many similarities to the research work I had conducted several years previously on a French steamship which was lost nearly a hundred years ago in Rayong; and warranted further investigation. I contacted K. Erbprem Vatcharangkul, the then Director of the UAD, about my findings, and we discussed possible visits to the site.
It wasn’t until two years later that I was able to visit the site and make a visual confirmation. During the period 17th-18th December 2018, I had the opportunity to join the UAD at the Mannok shipwreck site, Rayong Province, to observe their excavation activities. But more importantly, I was there to gather further evidence that would help confirm the identity of the vessel.
This paper contains a brief summary of the ship and its history, and my findings.
ในเดือนกันยายน พ.ศ. 2559 หลังจากได้อ่านรายงานเกี่ยวกับแหล่งเรือจมเกาะมันนอก (MN’51) ของกองโบราณคดีใต้น้ำ ผมรู้สึกสนใจที่จะศึกษาเพิ่มเติมเพราะรายงานนี้มีส่วนคล้ายกับข้อมูลที่ผมค้นคว้าไว้เมื่อหลายปีก่อนเกี่ยวกับเรือกลไฟสัญชาติฝรั่งเศสที่อับปางในทะเลระยองเมื่อเกือบร้อยปีที่แล้ว ผมติดต่อไปยังอาจารย์เอิบเปรม วัชรางกูร ผู้อำนวยการกองโบราณคดีใต้น้ำในขณะนั้นเพื่อเล่าให้ท่านฟังถึงข้อมูลที่มีอยู่และความประสงค์ที่จะขอร่วมไปดำน้ำสำรวจ ณ หมายนั้นด้วย
หลังจากเวลาผ่านไปสองปี ผมจึงได้รับโอกาสในฐานะผู้สังเกตการณ์ให้ไปร่วมดำน้ำกับกองโบราณคดีใต้น้ำที่แหล่งเรือจมเกาะมันนอก จังหวัดระยอง ในช่วงวันที่ 17-18 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2561 เพื่อช่วยรวบรวมหลักฐานเพิ่มเติมในการยืนยันและพิสูจน์อัตลักษณ์เรือ โดยผมได้สรุปข้อมูลและประวัติเรือไว้ในเอกสารนี้
Convener:Veronica Walker Vadillo (veronica.walker@helsinki.fi), Agni Mochtar (mochtar.agni@gmail.com) and Ligaya Lacsina (gaylacsina@gmail.com)
Seas and rivers have been key factors in the development of Southeast Asian societies from prehistoric times to nowadays, particularly due to their role as vectors for cultural interactions, material exchange, and transmission of knowledge. Since the so-called Austronesian dispersal more than 4,000 years ago, Southeast Asian waters have played a significant role in inter-regional maritime trade networks, such as the silk and spice routes, and continued to attract various merchants to come or pass over during the trade between China and the western world. Despite this, the region's nautical and maritime traditions are often overlooked. The subject is a challenging one, as many activities that happen in or around water spaces seldom leave substantial archaeological traces behind due to the nature of the activities (for example, actions take place on board vessels), or the inaccessibility of the archaeological remains (for example, submerged or silted spaces). In many cases, an interdisciplinary perspective with a focus on human-environment interactions is necessary, as this kind of approach can help set forth more nuanced theories on the relation between social systems and their environment with the use of data from other disciplines such as iconography, ethnography, history, environmental sciences, and so on. Placing the focus on Southeast Asian waters, this session hopes to present a comprehensive view of the ways in which the people from Southeast Asia colonized their watery spaces, from port and harbour infrastructures to nautical technology, as well as religious and/or socio-political activities that took place in or around aquatic spaces. This session invites papers that discuss aspects of nautical technology and seafaring in Southeast Asia and neighbouring regions throughout time, as well as papers focused on socio-political and cultural activities related to watery environments.
Block 1: 0830-1000 hrs
Marine resource exploitation in Prehistoric Kangean Island, North Of Java: A Preliminary Study
Alifah
Balai Arkeologi D.I. Yogyakarta (Center of Archaeological Research, Yogyakarta Office)
alifah.ali@gmail.com
Small islands with limited accessibility of land transportation to other places have demanded adaptation patterns for their residents. The existence of the sea surrounding it makes this region isolated from both animal and vegetable resources. As shown by research in small island in Wallacea, human in prehistoric times heavily relied on marine resources due to the limited number of land animal. Fish bones, shell and fish hooks are among the evidence of human exploration to the sea. Furthermore, boats and marine faunas were depicted on the rock arts as an expression of religious and artistic practice, indicating that maritime culture played a significant role at the time. This paper presents the preliminary research aimed to study if the similar adaptation was practised in the small islands outside of Wallacea. This research is conducted in Arca Cave in Kangean Island, north of Java and includes the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the remains of marine resources, such as shell and crab hard-shell, to measure the intensity of the consumption. A comparison to the consumption level of land food resources is also undertaken to gather a more comprehensive information of the adaptation strategy practised in prehistoric Kangean.
Sulawesi Iron Age: An Underwater Sites of Matano Lake
Shinatria Adhityatama
National Center of Archaeological Research of Indonesia
shinatriaadhityatama@gmail.com
R.r. Tri Wurjani
Dida Yurnaldi
Suryatman
Muslim Dimas K
Priyatno Hadi Sulistyarto
Lake Matano is a tectonic ancient lake located in Malili region, South Sulawesi Province. Lake Matano has a depth of 590 m or the bottom of the lake is located 203 m below sea level. Lake Matano is known as the 8th deepest lake in the world. Water from Lake Matano flows into Lake Mahalona then to Lake Towuti and then flows into the river Larona. Geologically, the nearby Matano Fault Zone is still active with tectonic movement of approximate 2 cm per year. Lake Matano is considered to be 1–4 million years old (i.e., formed in the late Pliocene). The recent archaeological research in Matano Lake was carried out by National Research Center of Archaeology Indonesia (Puslit Arkenas) in 2016 and 2018. The result from the exploration and research is we found 2 submerged landscape material culture in the lake bed of Matano. The name of the site is Pulau Ampat (Four Island) and Pontada site. In these 2 sites, we found archaeological data such as a lot of pottery spreading in the lake bed, flakes artefact, animal remains, charcoal, pool house, and iron artefact. both of these sites sank allegedly due to earthquake activity in the past because these two sites are adjacent to the main tectonic faults. The cultural chronology of Lake Matano is expected to develop at the beginning of the Paleomelatlic period, this right is known through dating analysis on sites in the terrestrial environment, although until now we are still waiting for the results of the dating of these two sites. Indonesian civilization experienced a high surge after local people knew the iron equipment. Indonesian people began to build monumental buildings such as the Borobudur temple and Prambanan temple, but until now a very little evidence of the origin of the iron equipment originated. This is important because it is possible that Matano was a source of metal (iron) in the past.
Ngen's Tradition in Ata Krowe, Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara As An Evidence of Migrating Phenomena among Krowe Community
Putri Novita Taniardi
Balai Arkeologi D.I. Yogyakarta (Archaeology Research Office In Yogyakarta)
putri.taniardi@gmail.com
This paper discusses the Ngen tradition in Ata Krowe. Ngen is a term used by Ata Krowe to mention the term migrating. Ata Krowe is a term for the Krowe people, namely the indigenous community living in the Sikka region, East Nusa Tenggara. Ata Krowe believes that their ancestors came from far away by boat. This belief is supported by the presence of miniature boats in the Dobo region. The miniature of the boat is believed to be a boat that was used by their ancestors and has been reduced due to spiritual events. Ngen's tradition was then continued with the movement between villages to form clans that inhabited the village. The existence of this Ngen tradition can be known by the existence of Wu'a Mahe as the material culture of Ata Krowe to show the origin of their ancestors. This paper attempts to describe the relationship between the Ngen tradition and the formation of old villages in the Ata Krowe area, Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara.
Key words: Ngen tradition, migrating, Ata Krowe, Sikka
The Rivers of Ascetic: Archaeology of Ascetic in Ancient Bali
Dani Sunjana
Independent Archaeologist
Alumni of Archaeology Department Udayana University
danisunjana@gmail.com
The practice of asceticism is a Hindu and Buddhist religious practice that is commonly practiced in the past and can be traced by archaeological evidences. Archeological research on ascetic practices during the time of Hindu Buddhism in Indonesia was very little done and still focused on cases of Ancient Javanese asceticism, especially during the Majapahit period. This paper will discuss ancient asceticism in Bali that used river landscapes as a place of choice for meditation and the reasons behind it, as well as archaeological characters on these sites. The discovery of asceticism sites from the Ancient Bali period in several watersheds such as Pakerisan, Wos, and Petanu became special when compared to the Javanese case which placed the mountain as the location of the main ascetic practices and became a cultural marker regarding the vital function of the river in the Ancient Bali period.
Fishing Rafts of Luzon, In Interesting Survival
Martin Roderick Stead
Independent Researcher
roderickstead@aol.com
In reviewing the indigenous craft of the Philippines, the use of rafts for offshore exploitation of marine resources seems surprisingly limited, particularly in view of the wide distribution of bamboo, an ideal material for raft construction. However in the Ilocos region of northern Luzon there is a type of bamboo raft still used for fishing offshore. It is not clear if this represents a wider tradition in the Philippines which has not been recorded in the written sources. The style is reminiscent of the rafts reported in use in China, and could represent an imported design from the Chinese coast. This paper will explore the early reports of the use of rafts in the Philippines from the sixteenth century onwards and how these recent ethnographic reports might fit into that tradition.
Block 2: 1030-1200 hrs
The maritime interaction through shipbuilding technology (Lashed – Lugged and Mortise and tenon) in the Andaman Coast of Thailand : A case study from Pak Khlong Kluay Shipwreck, Ranong Province, Thailand
Sira Ploymukda
Underwater Archaeology Division, Fine Arts Department, Thailand
sira.archaeo52@gmail.com
In 2016, the 15th regional office of fine arts conducted field surveys on the intertidal site called Pah Khlong Kluay shipwreck. The 1st survey revealed that the large ship planks had been tighten together by using the mortise and tenon joint technique. The ship was made from the South East Asian wood and can be dated back to around the 1st century CE (AMS dating 2,150 BP). Moreover, the wreck’s location settled in the area around 1,000 kilometres from the early port sites of the Andaman coast called Phu Khao Thong archaeological site dated around 1st century BCE. In 2019, the underwater archaeology division, Fine arts department realised that the condition of the wreck is extremely damaged by tidal movement during the monsoon season. The ship recovery project implemented from January to February 2019 aim to gather more information from the wreck and recover all wooden materials in order to bring them back to the UAD venue for the systematic conservation. The 2019 excavation indicated that not only mortise and tenon techniques were discovered in the site but also a number of wood containing the Lashed – Lugged technique. The combination of two techniques illustrated the model of the maritime interaction through the shipbuilding technology in the south-east Asian water and the international water during around 2,000 years ago.
The lashed-lug tradition beyond the commonalities: a closer examination of variations within Southeast Asian shipbuilding tradition
Agni Mochtar
Balai Arkeologi D.I. Yogyakarta (Center of Archaeological Research, Yogyakarta Office)
mochtar.agni@gmail.com
Ligaya Lacsina
National Museum of the Philippines
gaylacsina@gmail.com
The lashed-lug tradition is known as one of the traditional construction techniques of plank-built watercraft in Southeast Asia, so-called because of carved protrusions, or lugs, in the planks were used to lash frames and other vessel components with ligatures. Evidence of lashed-lug construction dates to as early as the third century and extends into to the late twentieth century. Early archaeological studies on these vessels revealed common characteristics across a number of sites found in Southeast Asia and even neighbouring regions to confirm the presence and survival of the lashed-lug tradition. It may have been inevitable that particularities within the tradition went unnoticed in most of these previous studies. It is, however, becoming more apparent that the construction technique used in this tradition is not limited to merely lashing the protruding lugs with vegetal fibre. Recent close examinations of boats from this tradition reveal many previously overlooked details in the construction technique used in different parts of the region. This paper discusses elements of the lashed-lug watercraft construction technique, which highlight the non-commonalities within the tradition. By doing so, this paper aims to further the discussion of Southeast Asian maritime history by advancing the knowledge about the development of traditional ship- and boatbuilding in the region.
A comparative study of lash-lugged plank-built canoes in museum collections
Paul Clark
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory
paul.clark@magnt.net.au
This paper examines two Solomon Island plank-built war canoes that are in the collection of the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory. Together with a comparative study of plank-built canoes in other museums, a question oriented research approach for their examination and study is proposed.
Acquired from the Solomon Islands in 1988 and 1990, the two canoes represent contemporary built examples of a much older construction technology known in the literature as the ‘lash-lugged’ boat building method. There are several canoes of this type in other museums, including Sydney’s Australian Museum, the Museum of Victoria in Melbourne, the British Museum in London and the Vatican Museum in Rome. These four canoes, built either at the end of the nineteenth, or at the beginning of the twentieth century, are several decades older that the Darwin examples. However, when examined collectively as a group, they provide a comparative construction technology that spans more than 100 years in human practice.
One question open for discussion in this paper, is how can comparative studies of contemporary built canoes (i.e., those built in the last 50 -100 years), be used to inform canoe design and building practice of vessels that were built in the more distant past?
A second question, will be how a comparative case study of museum canoe collections, when compared with the Southeast Asian archaeological record of lash-lugged boat finds, support a hypothesis that ‘plank-built, lash-lugged canoe technologies, evolved in South-east Asia and moved east into the Pacific’?
The Binh Chau Anchors, a composite conundrum
Ian McCann
University of New England
imccann@myune.edu.au
Jun Kimura
junkimura@tsc.u-tokai.ac.jp
Central Vietnam grew to become part of a complex system of ancient maritime trading routes between the West and East and had ports that served the long-distance sailing ships that voyaged across the Indian Ocean and Asian waters around the 8-9th centuries. In 2014, local fishermen recovered two composite anchors from the waters off Quang Ngai province in Central Vietnam. Having been stored in a local compound, these anchors are rapidly deteriorating. Due to their distinctive design and similar to the Indian Ocean type anchor, the anchors have significant potential to answer questions regarding the form, function and evolution of anchor technology around this time period. This paper will outline the ongoing study on the anchors of utilising experimental archaeology, archaeometallurgical analysis, and isotopic investigations.
Exploring Angkor's fluvial cultural landscape
Veronica Walker Vadillo
University of Helsinki
veronica.walker@helsinki.fi
Since the discovery of the Angkor civilization on the shorelines of the Tonle Sap Lake, it has been assumed that rivers played an important role in the establishment of this polity. It was through the river network that the people of Angkor moved around the region and foreign merchants and diplomats arrived from overseas. Nevertheless, rivers have largely been ignored in previous academic research, which has seen stronger focus on land remains. This has resulted in a biased interpretation of the data, favoring approaches that recognize Angkor as an agrarian state even though depictions on the walls of Angkorian temples suggest that the nautical world played an important part in the Khmer world.
The extensive corpus of nautical iconography shows boats used in a wide variety of settings that indicate political and cosmological responses to human-environment-driven interactions. For example, from the 11th c. onward royal boats were lavishly decorated with high prows that increased their visibility, which suggests a desire to waste resources and engage in what behavioral ecology defines as costly signalling, a display of power to exhibit a group’s prowess and ability to defend their territory. These boats were used in a variety of settings: from pilgrimages to sacred places, to warfare, festivals, and elaborated rituals performed on water (both in man-made and natural spaces). The choice of boat decoration depicted in the nautical iconography shows a preference for the use of Indian iconography, a trend already present in land remains around the lower Mekong basin. This suggests that whilst the region probably had a pre-Indian stratum of beliefs surrounding the use of aquatic spaces, the constant interactions they had with Indian traders from the beginning of the 1st millennia CE eventually provided the basis for the construction of an elaborate hybrid cosmology surrounding these aquatic spaces. Preliminary research suggests that this cosmology served as the religious framework upon which the kings of Angkor exerted control over the river network and the people living in and around it. This paper will explore the development of Angkor’s nautical technology and design in the context of boat usage, looking particularly at the way in which Indian culture was incorporated into Angkorian narratives of power.
Chinese Whispers: Sino-Foreign Maritime Exchanges and the Southeast Asian Shipbuilding Tradition | 耳语中国：漫谈中外海事交流及东南亚造船传统 Sarah Ward 吴德赛
Visiting Professor Maritime Archaeology
Centre for Maritime History and Culture Research, Dalian Maritime University
大连海事大学海洋历史与文化研究中心海事考古学访问教授
sarahward@dlmu.edu.cn
Han Qing
Professor Maritime History, Centre for Maritime History and Culture Research
Dalian Maritime University, Dalian Maritime University
韩庆，大连海事大学航海历史与文化研究中心
Zhao Zhilei
Lecturer Navigation
Navigation College and Centre for Maritime History and Culture Research
Dalian Maritime University
赵志垒，大连海事大学航海学院航海学院航海历史与文化研究中心
China, the largest country in the East Asia maritime realm, has a long history of seafaring stretching back millennia. The earliest known archaeological evidence for which dates to the mid Warring States Period (481/403 BCE - 221 BC). This long history brings with it a steep tradition of Sino-Foreign maritime exchange; one which during the height of China’s maritime power in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD), was dramatically altered by the expansionist foreign policy of Emperor Yong Le. Like every Chinese ruler for more than 1,000 years, Yong Le aspired to incorporate Southeast Asian polities into a system of hierarchical and tributary relationships which centred on the Ming Court. This was simultaneously an exceptional yet traditional extension of Chinese military power, an unorthodox use of maritime resources within a very old structure, and one which had a significant impact on Southeast Asian shipbuilding. This paper will explore the impact of Sino-Foreign maritime exchanges on Southeast Asian shipbuilding traditions in the Ming Dynasty and examine the interplay of local and interregional traditions with the technological innovation, hybridization and transfer resulting from, the ‘Southeast Asian Effect’ on outsourced ship construction. This paper will further demonstrate that this created a complex developmental path dependence present in the maritime archaeological record, as evidenced by the Bukit Jakas, Phu Quoc and other shipwreck assemblages.
作为东亚地区沿海领域最大的国家，中国的航海历史源远流长。现行针对中国航海历史最古老的考古证据 ，可以追溯至战国中期（公元前481/403 - 公元前221年）。漫长的航海历史，促生了深厚的中外海上 文明交流的传统。明朝(公元1368-1644年)是中国海上实力的鼎盛时期，永乐皇帝秉持的“扩张主义”外 交政策使当时的中国海事，发生了巨大的变化。永乐皇帝和之前1000多年来的封建中国统治者一样，同 样渴望着将东南亚的政治体制，纳入到以明朝为中心的等级和朝贡体系中。明朝时期的扩张，同时也是中 国军事力量的特殊而传统的延伸，这相当于在一个非常古老的框架下非常规地使用海洋资源。明朝时期的 政策与行动，对东南亚造船行业也产生了重大影响。本文将探讨中外海事交流，对在明朝时期的东南亚造 船传统的影响。同时，作者从技术创新、杂交和转移三个方面，研究区域内和区域间传承的相互影响，这 也被视为“东南亚效应”的古代中国对外船舶建筑行业。论文还将进一步论证：正如Bukit Jakas, Phu Quoc和其他沉船遗迹所展现的那样，存在于海事考古记录中的明朝模式，形成了一个复杂的发展路径依赖。
Block 3: 1330-1500 hrs
Reassessing 13th-Century Sino-Southeast Asian Trade Relations
Catherine May King
Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division, National Museum of the Philippines
catherine.may.king@gmail.com
Bobby C. Orillaneda
Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division, National Museum of the Philippines
This paper proposes to reassess the current understanding of Sino-Southeast Asian trade relations during the pre-colonial period. This paper specifically studies three underwater sites from the Philippines namely Breaker Reef and Investigator Shoal both found in Southern Palawan, Philippines and the San Antonio shipwreck from Zambales broadly dated to the Song dynasty from 11th to 13th century. The dates of the sites were determined through the stylistic analysis of the ceramics dominantly found in the sites, presence of non-ceramic cargo such as coins, and comparison with other wrecks carrying similar ceramics. The location of the sites, the amount and diversity of the cargo found within the wrecks, suggest that merchants of these ships had good commercial contacts with other parts of Southeast Asia in addition to China. This paper relates the wrecks, their cargos and their political and cultural relations with other contemporaneous wreck within the South China Sea network and Southeast Asian waters.
Your Steps Can Be Seen: Identification of the Presence of Traders on the Upstream Pawan River of West Kalimantan, Indonesia (circa 14-18)
Widya Nayati
Archaeology Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
widyanayati@ugm.ac.id
Ida Bagus Putu Prajna Yogi
Balai Arkeologi Banjarmasin, Indonesia
bagoesbalar@gmail.com
Traders played a significant role in inter-regional maritime trade networks. They needed commodities—which can be sold for big/maximal profits. They used silk and spice routes for reaching many harbors. Some of the them stayed in the harbors but it seems some traders tried collecting local commodities from main sources. Based on archaeological research along Pawan River in West Kalimantan (Indonesia), it can be traced some steps of the traders in the upstream river.
Pawan River is a dendritic river type which runs from Ketapang city on the south coast of Kalimantan through the Schwaner mountain range in the center of Kalimantan. It runs around 250 kms from downstream to upstream river. This river has not all survey archaeologically yet as this river is very rough especially in after intersection between Biya stream and Kerio stream in the Randau Jungkal village. Only less than 10 local people have been gone to the upstream of Pawan river because of wide of river is smaller, there are many river rapids (riam) and too many big stones which makes local boats difficult to passed through. However, from the archaeological survey, it has found many ceramics dated circa 14-18 centuries in the upstream river. Ethnographic data found that local Dayak people are still using old tempayan for ceremony. however there are many fragmens found in the bank of the streams. These archaeological finding is key factors of the steps of traders in upstream Pawan River. This paper will prove the presence of traders in upstream Pawan River using ceramics’ found.
Keywords: exchange, traders, Upstream Pawan River, West Kalimantan (Indonesia)
The Meaning of Excavated Blue and White Porcelain In Waters Off The Coast of Mado Island
YANG KI HONG
National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage in Korea, Research Curator
kihong23@korea.kr
The waters off the coast of Mado Island located in Taean County, Chungcheongnam-do Province of the Republic of Korea, have long been known as the “waterway difficult to pass” owing to a strong offshore current and dense sea fog. National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage has excavated three Goryeo shipwrecks and one Joseon shipwreck off the coast of Mado Island in Taean from 2009 to 2014. The institute excavation in the waters of Mado has taken place from May to October of 2018. The excavation has yielded 113 total artifacts upon conclusion. Not only Goryeo celadon, but also Chinese ceramics from China’s Song and Yuan Dynasties were recovered from the waters off Mado Island.
A particularly noteworthy recovery through these excavation activities, carried out in the waters off Mado Island, was a blue and white porcelain dish which was recovered at 70cm depth of the 18-D zone. On the inside of the dish there is evidence a geometric pattern drawn by a brush and traces of baked pottery piled up in the middle of the ring.
This style of traces of baked pottery piled up in the middle of the ring is mainly used in the southern Chinese kiln. It is presumed to be a blue and white porcelain from the late 17th century due to the color and glaze. In Vietnam, adjacent to China, there are Chu Dau, Hung Thang kilns from the Nam sach area and Lao , Cay , Hop le kilns in the Binh Giang area which continued to produce blue and white porcelain in the 17-18th century. Therefore, although not yet clear from any local pottery patterns or colors, it is estimated that blue and white porcelain had a relationship with Vietnam.
Maritime Relationship at Southern Belitung Community in the beginning of the XX Century
Aryandini Novita
South Sumatra Archaeology Research Center
novitaaryandini@gmail.com
This paper discusses the role of community at southern Belitung in the past maritime trade, based on the results of research by the South Sumatra Archaeologi’s research. The study used WEsterdahl's Maritime Cultural Landscape approach which a focus on archaeological resources at sea and land, topography, local knowledge and toponymy. The results of the study show that interactions with the environment are carried out differently, namely sea and land. In general, archeological resources in southern Belitung are of the same type as archaeological resources found in the western and northern parts of the island. These resources can be used as indicators that in the southern Belitung there are activities related to past maritime trade. Geographically, the study area does not have large rivers that can be sailed on. Natural resources in the study area have only been used for subsistence and the over supply is sold to buying goods that are not produced by the community. Artifacts that are imported goods also show where the trade has taken place in this area. In this paper we want to discuss the ways in which the local community of southern Belitung has contributed historically to the regional maritime trade system by using the aforementioned Maritime Cultural Landscape perspective.
Block 4: 1530-1700 hrs
Underwater Archeological Sites In Sangihe Islands
Sultan Kurnia A.B
Taoyaka Program Hiroshima University
sultan.kurnia@mail.ugm.ac.id
This research was carried out in the Sangihe Islands (2017), a border region between the northern part of the Republic of Indonesia with the southern part of the Republic of the Philippines. This research was based on a hypothesis that the Sangihe Islands is one of the gateways to the archipelago in the north, especially in the early colonial period (16th CE) until World War II. One of the findings of this research was a shipwreck, allegedly belongs to the Japanese army during World War II. The 40 meters-long ship sank at a depth of 18-25 meters below sea level. It is located in Teluk Tahuna (Tahuna Bay), which is the capital of the regional government. In addition, two old anchors were found to be thought to date from the 18th CE with a length of about 3 meters each. Another information is that the 16th century Ferdinand Magellan-Elcano Expedition was also recorded to pass through this area.
Based on the literature study we conducted, underwater archaeological research in the territory of Indonesia and The Philippines border region has never been carried out, even though some sources referred this area as one of the shipping routes. So, the research we conducted with the big theme of UGM Maritime Culture Expedition is one of the first steps to uncover the potential of underwater archaeology on the border region of Indonesia and The Philippines.
South Korea's policies for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Cooperation between Korea and Southeast Asian
Young-Hwa, Jung
National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage
Republic of Korea
pkm228@korea.kr
Introduces policies to protect Underwater Cultural Heritage(UCH) in Republic of Korea. And, Would like to discuss cooperation projects between Korea and Southeast Asia. The investigation and protection of the UCH of Korea is managed by the national government. The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage(NRIMCH) is dedicated to the investigation and protection of UCH. Also, NRIMCH enact a wide variety of activities, from Conservation and Analysis of UCH, Restoration and Research regarding traditional Korean wooden ships, Research and Study on Maritime Cultural Heritage(MCH), MCH Exhibition, Activation of tailor-made Public Participation Education, and Promotion related to maritime historical relics.
NRIMCH has been interacting and cooperating with various Asian countries such as Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Australia, and China in various fields. This is to understand the laws, systems and policies of other countries and to try to take the lead in protecting the UCH by applying mutually effective policies.
Forward, NRIMCH intends to strengthen cooperation with various Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia. Want to develop various cooperation projects such as underwater excavation, education and equipment support. For example, promoting the construction project of an Underwater Cultural Heritage Education & Training Center(2020-2022).
The identification of the Mannok Shipwreck Site in the Gulf of Thailand / การพิสูจน์อัตลักษณ์เรือ ณ แหล่งเรือจมเกาะมันนอก
Pongsatorn Sukhum
THAIWRECKS
curator@thaiwrecks.org
In September 2016 I came across the Mannok Shipwreck Site Excavation Report (2008) by the Underwater Archaeology Division (UAD). The information contained in this report bore many similarities to the research work I had conducted several years previously on a French steamship which was lost nearly a hundred years ago in Rayong; and warranted further investigation. I contacted K. Erbprem Vatcharangkul, the then Director of the UAD, about my findings, and we discussed possible visits to the site.
It wasn’t until two years later that I was able to visit the site and make a visual confirmation. During the period 17th-18th December 2018, I had the opportunity to join the UAD at the Mannok shipwreck site, Rayong Province, to observe their excavation activities. But more importantly, I was there to gather further evidence that would help confirm the identity of the vessel.
This paper contains a brief summary of the ship and its history, and my findings.
ในเดือนกันยายน พ.ศ. 2559 หลังจากได้อ่านรายงานเกี่ยวกับแหล่งเรือจมเกาะมันนอก (MN’51) ของกองโบราณคดีใต้น้ำ ผมรู้สึกสนใจที่จะศึกษาเพิ่มเติมเพราะรายงานนี้มีส่วนคล้ายกับข้อมูลที่ผมค้นคว้าไว้เมื่อหลายปีก่อนเกี่ยวกับเรือกลไฟสัญชาติฝรั่งเศสที่อับปางในทะเลระยองเมื่อเกือบร้อยปีที่แล้ว ผมติดต่อไปยังอาจารย์เอิบเปรม วัชรางกูร ผู้อำนวยการกองโบราณคดีใต้น้ำในขณะนั้นเพื่อเล่าให้ท่านฟังถึงข้อมูลที่มีอยู่และความประสงค์ที่จะขอร่วมไปดำน้ำสำรวจ ณ หมายนั้นด้วย
หลังจากเวลาผ่านไปสองปี ผมจึงได้รับโอกาสในฐานะผู้สังเกตการณ์ให้ไปร่วมดำน้ำกับกองโบราณคดีใต้น้ำที่แหล่งเรือจมเกาะมันนอก จังหวัดระยอง ในช่วงวันที่ 17-18 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2561 เพื่อช่วยรวบรวมหลักฐานเพิ่มเติมในการยืนยันและพิสูจน์อัตลักษณ์เรือ โดยผมได้สรุปข้อมูลและประวัติเรือไว้ในเอกสารนี้
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